Answer questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Answer questions - Coursework Example The procurement cost of seed or cuttings ought to likewise remember. Planting of most organic product trees, for instance, are costly. A few animal types are more diligently to modify than others. Ranchers ought to consider ahead of time to what extent they should deal with trees. In the event that they need extra abilities and information to grow a specific animal types ought to prepare or show will be composed. Seeds or plants of the species thought about simple. In the event that agamic proliferation is vital, ranchers ought to get preparing on the most proficient method to do it. The seeds of Gliricidia sepium and Sesbania spp. For instance, couldn't be promptly accessible. Ranchers need assistance with how to disseminate the trees utilizing root cuttings. They may not even enough time for the gather of cuttings. Question 2 Role of trees or underlying foundations of fig trees is the same than some other plant. Consumable fig (Ficus carica) roots, for instance, develop best in rip e soil wealthy in natural issue that is wet yet never wet. Roots have four capacities. Mooring the plant figs, ingests water and supplements for plant development and blooming and fruiting exercises, on account of tropical fig trees, elevated roots swinging from the branches to improve weight appropriation of the structure.Picture of the roots can develop to a distance across of branches to see over the ground. Fig trees don't develop the carrot-like tap roots, yet the diffuse cluster, or weaving roots entered the group of in any event a few fold the amount of as the measurement of the crown of the plant. Like when you snap a part of plant leaf figs, or smooth clingy sap overflowing from broken roots Fig. A few animal categories tropical fig tree roots are developing quickly and are known to lift walkways or asphalt, which spread over the scene. Question 3 Carbon sequestration in the agribusiness division alludes to the limit of horticulture grounds and timberlands to expel carbon d ioxide from the air. Carbon dioxide is consumed by trees, plants and yields through photosynthesis and put away as carbon in biomass in tree trunks, branches, foliage and roots and soils. Woods and stable meadows are alluded to as carbon sinks since they can store a lot of carbon in their vegetation and root frameworks for significant stretches of time. Soils are the biggest earthly sink for carbon on the planet. The capacity of agribusiness terrains to store or sequester carbon relies upon a few variables, including atmosphere, soil type, kind of yield or vegetation spread and the executives rehearses. The measure of carbon put away in soil natural issue is in?uenced by the expansion of carbon from dead plant material and carbon misfortunes from breath, the deterioration procedure and both regular and human unsettling influence of the dirt. By utilizing cultivating rehearses that include insignificant unsettling influence of the dirt and energize carbon sequestration, ranchers migh t have the option to slow or even converse the loss of carbon from their ?elds. In the United States, woods and croplands right now sequester what might be compared to 12 percent of U.S. carbon dioxide outflows from the vitality, transportation and mechanical segments. Question 4 Major reasons of the adjustments in the forested land because of human reasons include: industrialization, suburbanization, land trust developments and settlements and horticulture. Question 5 Pleistocene atmosphere was portrayed by rehashed frosty cycles where mainland icy masses pushed to the equal 40 in certain spots. It is assessed that icy

Word of the Week! Fulsome Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Fulsome Richmond Writing This word has bothered me for many years. It provides a good example of Edward Sapirs theory of Linguistic Drift, and I warn writers to take care when using this intellectual-sounding adjective. It has drifted from a positive sense to a negative one and back to positive again! Often I hear journalists on radio, or more likely corporate or governmental officials, describing the fulsome praise heaped upon this or that person. Theres a problem here; these speakers mean generous or universal when one older meaning of fulsome is, in fact, a little stinky.   If we add the verb heaped it all becomes, well, piled higher and deeper in its fulsomeness. The word is English and it is very old. The OED Online cites uses from as early as the 14th Century, and this lovely example a century closer to us, As a fulsome well Shedith his stream in to þe ryvere can be updated to, as a fulsome well sheds its stream into the river.   Here the sense is copious, overflowing, positive.   And therein lies a problem with fulsome, as well as its closeness, phonetically, to the unabashedly bad foul. The OED notes that fulsome acquired a dubious reputation thanks to that kinship, though in recent years the positive aspect of fulsome   gained more usage. A 19th Century example from the OED helps, My complaint of the world..is thisâ€"that there is too much of everything..and so I could go on enumerating..all the things which are too full in this fulsome world. I use fulsome in the original sense. In this original sense, fulsome means too much of a good thing. It is one thing to be praised, another entirely to be fawned over by a sycophant. That sense of excess takes us to the OEDs other definitions. They include fleshy, obnoxious, overfed, lewd, bawdy, dirty, difficult to digest, filthy!   In my minds eye I immediately envisioned the engravings of William Hogarth, whose Tavern Scene from the series The Rakes Progress appears above.   Try as I might, we are back to Spring Break Bacchanalia, after all! An 1828 example from the OED is the close, hot, fulsome smell of bad ventilation. My 1953 edition of   Websters New Collegiate gives no positive definitions, emphasizing only the offensive nature of the term. My more recent American Heritage Dictionary, a volume that includes usage notes, warns readers about the double-edged meaning of our word of the week. We have lost most derogatory senses of the word, along with the noun form of fulsome, but I remain uncomfortable when I hear about fulsome praise, perhaps the last holdout of a word that describes excess in all its forms. Again, I am reminded of Hogarths satirical drawings. The Rakes Progress did not end well. We have here not a question of grammar or even proper usage but rather of precise usage. So the next time you plan to honor someone who had received a reward, you might instead talk or write about universal praise, widely praised, acclaimed, or greatly honored. I, for one, would leave fulsome behind, unless you want to poke fun at someone being followed around by a platoon of yes-men. Update, 3/26/18: I took a peek at Bryan Garners excellent A Dictionary of American Usage for advice. He calls fulsome a skunked term, meaning that the scent of its earlier (in this case, negative) meaning clings to it for a long time. Garner suggests lavish as an alternative adjective when speaking of praise. Nominate a word by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Words of the Week here. Hogarth image courtesy of The Victorian Web.

How Does It Work - 1291 Words

How it works? Self-employed IVAs are very similar to normal Individual Voluntary Arrangements. They follow the same principle – but the application process is a little different, as they have to accommodate your business and cash-flow. This guide provides you with an in-depth look at the self-employed IVA process. If you’re struggling with your debts and think a self-employed IVA could be right for you, get in touch with PayPlan. We can help you understand all your options. Call us on 0800 280 2816 or use our online form to request a call back GET ADVICE NOW Going through your options In order to consider setting up a self-employed IVA for you, we will first need to collect details of the amounts you owe and the assets you own.†¦show more content†¦GET ADVICE NOW The self-employed IVA proposal After collecting details of your finances and assessing your situation, we will refer you to our associated company PayPlan Bespoke Solutions Limited, who specialise in setting up self-employed IVAs. They will offer to meet you in person to go through your debt solution options and discuss your business cash-flow. You don’t have to agree to this proposal but it’s a good chance to ask any questions about your financial situation. Alternatively, this can be discussed over the phone, if that suits you better. In order to propose a self-employed IVA, certain items will need to be verified, to check that all the information contained in your self-employed IVA proposal is correct. Typical information that’s needed is: Your business cash-flow projection for the next 12 months Your business profit and loss accounts for the past year A copy of your tax return for last year An online valuation of your home (and any other properties you own) A copy of your latest mortgage statement – and any secured loan statement(s), if applicable – to show your creditors the equity position in your property(ies) Copies of all recent correspondence from your personal and business creditors – so we can get your account numbers, creditor contact details and latest outstanding balances About the Insolvency Practitioner In order to propose a self-employed IVA to your creditors, you’ll need to use the services of aShow MoreRelatedHow Does Work And Leisure Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesAnd Leisure Introduction: How does work and leisure correspond to the â€Å"good life?† Is there a formula, which if we follow, will lead us towards our own Atlantis? I believe there is. Aristotle’s view, that humans can shape their own habits, to create virtues, gives us a clear understanding of what is required to arrive at our desired destination. Virtues, particularly temperance, combined with hard work, innovation, and determination should shape how we think about work and leisure, in our pursuitRead MoreCreatine : How Does It Work? Essay937 Words   |  4 PagesCreatine: How does it work? The quest to reach physical human perfection is coveted by many but pursued by few. What is the ideal human body? It’s almost certain that this image will reflect that of a powerful body builder or athlete. Exercising is vital in improving health and physical appearance. In order to facilitate the pursuit of physical perfection there is an industry dedicated to exploiting these desires. The nutritional supplements industry is one of the fastest growing industries in theRead MoreHow Does A Neuron Work?882 Words   |  4 PagesPlease compose an essay (one page) that answers the following questions: 1) How does a neuron work? 2) Why does it matter that I know how a neuron works in a course about Psychology?, and 3) What role do neurotransmitters play in Psychology? Here are some web sites that may additionally help you with this assignment Our human brains have about 100 billion neurons. These neurons react to physical and chemical changes in their surroundings. These cells specialize in sending and receiving neural messagesRead MoreHow Mass And How Does It Work?2144 Words   |  9 PagesEver wonder how we are still on Earth and not floating up into space? Ever wonder how mass and gravity are different? Maybe you can’t differ mass and weight, gravity and mass. We don’t realize that we depend on mass to stay on earth, but this â€Å"mass† works differently from the force we call â€Å"gravity†. Maybe the questions we ask ourselves will soon have an impact in the future when we have to figure out if a plane will crash faster with a big amount of mass, but is that true? Here is a question inRead MoreHow Does the Brain Work?1754 Words   |  7 Pagesone does. If more funding was given to Neurological research, these patients could have a brighter future ahead of them. Fundings’ should b e taken away from Cancer research to help Neurologists find new cures or new treatments to Neurological disorders that affect the lives of many people in America. The brain is a very complex organ that researchers are still trying to fathom. â€Å" †¦ I DO know that scientists are working to understand HOW the brain works and are trying to figure out exactly how it isRead MoreHow Does Pressgrade Work?1066 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Pressgrade work? Pressgrade is a community-supported platform that provides accurate news in the most efficient way possible. Simply search any news topic you are interested in, and Pressgrade will use an algorithm to determine which news stories are displayed along with their rankings. Unlike other news aggregates, Pressgrade factors in your input by allowing you to vote on articles based on the following criteria: Balanced (unbiased): All sides of the issue are represented equally andRead MoreHow The Eu And How Does It Work?1976 Words   |  8 Pageswars and France and Germany wanting to prevent another one from happening by combining there coal and iron resources (What is the EU and how does it work?). This was the start of the economic zone in 1950 and it grew from there with expansion and the United Kingdom joining in 1973 and growing to 28 states being within the union today(What is the EU and how does it work?). With the start of the economic zone the Union decided to create a single currency for all the countries to use. They did to thisRead MoreHow Does It Works And How It Is Used2427 Words   |  10 PagesElastography: How it works and how it is used. Abstract A very useful and common practice often used in routine physical exams is palpation. This technique, among its several uses, allows to estimate changes in the mechanical properties of tissue when the presence of a diseases is suspected. A typical use of this technique is in the breast cancer examination: the cancer is often revealed as a stiffening of glandular tissue, which would be normally soft. Even though palpation remains an importantRead MoreHow Does A Computer Worm Work?1308 Words   |  6 PagesIDENTIFICATION: 0072960 DATE OF SUBMISSION: Friday, 17 October 2014 Table of Contents Define the internet 3 Origins of the internet 3 How does the internet works 3 What does HTML mean? 4 What does HTTP mean? 4 What is URL? 4 What is a virus? 5 How does a virus work? 5 What is a Trojan horse? 5 How does a Trojan horse works? 5 What is a computer worm? 5 How does a computer worm work? 5 What is the difference between a virus, computer worm and a Trojan? 6 Bibliography 7 Define the internet The internetRead MoreHow does lobbying work in government1304 Words   |  6 Pages1. How does lobbying work in government? Lobbying is an enormous business. A lobbyist is an advocate who seek outs to influence members of the government (like members of Congress) to endorse legislation that would advantage their group. The lobbying occupation is a lawful and essential part of our democratic political procedure that is not extremely well implicit by the broad population. While the majority people think of lobbyists only as paid experts, there are as well a lot of volunteer lobbyists

Ragnar Lodbrok

Many people have heard of Ragnar Lodbrok, or Lothbrok, thanks to the History Channel drama series Vikings. However, the character of Ragnar isnt new—hes existed in Norse mythology for a long time. Lets take a look at who the real Ragnar Lodbrok was—or wasnt. Ragnar Lodbrok Fast Facts Historians arent sure if Ragnar Lodbrok really existed; it is most likely that he is a composite of multiple historical figures.The sons of Ragnar Lodbrok feature prominently in Norse mythology and history.According to legend, Lodbrok was a great warrior king who invaded England and West Frankia. Ragnar Loà °brà ³k, whose surname means Hairy Breeches, was a legendary Viking warrior who is described in the Norse sagas, as well as numerous medieval Latin sources written by Christian chroniclers, but scholars arent sure if he existed at all. Norse vs. Frankish Accounts In the Norse legends, Sigurà °r hringr, or Sigurd Ring, was the king of Sweden, and battled against the Danish leader Harald Wartooth; Sigurd defeated Harald and became king of both Denmark and Sweden. After his death, his son Ragnar Lodbrok succeeded him and took the throne. According to the sagas, Lodbrok and his sons killed Haralds son Eysteinn, and then led an invasion into England. According to the Icelandic saga Ragnarssona à ¾Ãƒ ¡ttr, The Tale of Ragnars Sons, during this invasion, Lodbrok was captured and executed by the Nortumbrian king Ælla, and so his sons sought vengeance and attacked Ællas stronghold. The legend holds that the sons of Ragnar Lodbrok then executed the Northumbrian king in retaliation, although English sources claim he died in battle at York. Despite the accounts in the Norse sagas, its possible that Ragnar Lodbrok was someone else entirely. In 845 c.e., Paris was under siege by an invading force of Northmen—led by a man who is identified in Frankish sources as a Viking chieftain named Ragnar. Historians dispute whether or not this is the same Ragnar named in the sagas; the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates that the Ragnar who invaded and conquered Paris is unlikely to be the one referred to in the Norse legends. What is more likely, according to academics, is that the character we know today as Ragnar Lodbrok is an amalgamation of the Norse chieftain who took over Paris and the legendary warrior king who was killed when King Ælla threw him into a pit of serpents. In other words, Lodbrok is a literary composite of at least two different figures, as well as several Norse chieftains. However, several of his sons are documented as historical figures; Ivar the Boneless, Bjà ¶rn Ironside, and Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye are all considered part of Viking history. The Sons of Ragnar Lodbrok According to the Norse legends, Lodbrok had several sons by different women. In the Gesta Danorum, a book of Danish history written in the twelfth century by a Christian chronicler, he was first married to the shield maiden Lagertha, with whom he had at least one son and a daughter; Lagertha is largely believed to be representative of Thorgerd, a warrior goddess, and may be a mythical figure. Lorado / Getty Images Lodbrok divorced Lagertha and then married Thora, the daughter of an earl of Gotaland, with whom he had Eirà ­kr and Agnar; they were eventually killed in battle. Once Thora died, Lodbrok then married Aslaug, whose father was the legendary Sigurd the Dragon Slayer; Sigurds tale is told in the poetic edda, the  Nibelungenlied, and the saga of the Và ¶lsunga. Aslaugs mother was the Valkyrie shield maiden Brynhildr. Together, Lodbrok and Aslaug had at least four sons. Ivar the Boneless, also called Ivar Ragnarsson, earned his nickname because according to Norse legend, his legs were deformed, although some sources say that boneless referred to impotence and an inability to have children. Ivar was instrumental in the conquest of Northumbria and the death of King Ælla. Bjà ¶rn Ironside formed a large naval fleet and sailed around West Frankia and into the Mediterranean. He later split up Scandinavia with his brothers, and took over rule of Sweden and Uppsala. Sigurd Snake-in-the-eye got his name from a mysterious serpent-shaped mark in one of his eyes. Sigurd married King Ællas daughter Blaeja, and when he and his brothers divided Scandinavia, became king of Zealand, Halland, and the Danish islands. Lodbroks son Hvitserk may have been conflated with Halfdan Ragnarsson in the sagas; there are no sources that mention them separately. Hvitserk means white shirt, and could have been a nickname used to distinguish Halfdan from other men of the same name, which was a fairly common one at the time. A fifth son, Ubba, appears in medieval manuscripts as one of the warriors of the Great Heathen Army that conquered England in the ninth century, but is not referenced in any of the earlier Norse source material. Sources Magnà ºsson Eirà ­kr, and William Morris. The Volsunga Saga. NorrÅ“na Society, 1907.Mark, Joshua J. â€Å"Twelve Great Viking Leaders.†Ã‚  Ancient History Encyclopedia, Ancient History Encyclopedia, 9 July 2019, www.ancient.eu/article/1296/twelve-great-viking-leaders/.â€Å"The Sons of Ragnar Lodbrok (Translation).†Ã‚  Fornaldarsà ¶gur Norà °urlanda, www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/ThattrRagnarsSonar.html.â€Å"Vikings: Women in Norse Society.†Ã‚  Daily Kos, www.dailykos.com/stories/2013/10/27/1250982/-Vikings-Women-in-Norse-Society.

Making A Pro Recycle Policy On Shredding Documents

When purchasing paper, the University of Oklahoma should switch to paper that has 75% or more recycled contents as part of a larger effort to make the campus greener and more sustainable. Creating a pro-recycle policy on shredding documents is a great way to start reducing our paper usage. When paper is shredded it destroys the fibers within the paper, this makes it difficult to recycle and manufacture new printer paper with the shredded fibers. The reason being is that shredded paper cuts the fibers shorter, which makes them weaker, and renders them inefficient for the higher grades of paper. â€Å"The longer the paper fiber, the higher the grade of paper it can manufacture. Also, the longer the fiber, the more often it can be recycled.† Shredded paper is hardly ever accepted by higher grade paper mills that is why it is important to not shred them. If the papers are shredded the Paper Mills are less likely to buy them. The University of Oklahoma has the opportunity make top dollar on their recycled paper. Ultimately, they can market and sell their recovered office paper. In return, OU can use those earnings to either build onto their recycling program or purchase environmentally sound materials. The University of Oklahoma can also make the most of it by using the earnings to support a sustainable campus. OU’s staff and students need to be strategic about where their recovered paper ends up. If OU makes sure the waste hauler they use is selling the paper to a paper broker or aShow MoreRelatedProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesDominion University; Muhammad Obeidat, Southern Polytechnic State University; Linda Rose, Westwood College; Oya Tukel, Cleveland State University; and Mahmoud Watad, William Paterson University. We thank you for your many thoughtful suggestions and for making our book better. Of course we accept responsibility for the final version of the text. In addition, we w ould like to thank our colleagues in the College of Business at Oregon State University for their support and help in completing this project.

Mci Communications Corp free essay sample

It seemed that the board of directors at MCI was divided between two possible solutions. Should the company finance the repurchase by increasing MCIs debt financing by at least doubling the current debt-equity ration that stood at 36% at that time (MCI)? Conversely, would a more conservative approach of using an open-market purchase program, announcing its intentions to repurchase its stock from time to time but only as corporate funds become available, be more appropriate (MCI)? The answer to this question will help determine the path that the company will follow in the years to come. It will also either instill confidence or continue the growing sense of restlessness that is currently being exhibited by the companys shareholders. Therefore, in an effort to determine the most advantageous path for MCI, we will focus on answering the following three questions given in the course module to meet our objectives. 1) What would be the effects of issuing $2 billion of new debt and using the proceeds to repurchase shares of the following: a) the book value of MCIs equity b) the price per share of MCIs stock; and c) the earnings per share of MCIs stock. We will write a custom essay sample on Mci Communications Corp or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ) What is the current WACC for MCI and what would it become after the new debt and repurchase? 3) Would you recommend this new debt and repurchase of stock alternative to the MCI Board of Directors? Explain your answer. The first questions asks us what would be the effects of issuing $2 billion of new debt and using the proceeds to repurchase shares of the book value of MCIs equity, the price per share of MCIs stock, and the earnings per share of MCIs stock. Referring to the chart below, we realize that by accruing debt re-capitalization by issuing a $2 billion debt to purchase $2 billion stock will not affect the firms cash flow. Based on the assumption of earning before the interest income remains the same, we have determined that the cost of debt will increased by $123 millions due to the interest accrued by the new debt. We get EBT by subtract the interest expenses from EBIT. Then we subtract the tax expenses from EBT will lead us to the new net income, $498 Million. The $2 billion debt divided by the current market price per share will result in a shares buy back of 72 million shares. Furthermore, the outstanding shares should be using the original outstanding shares minus the buy back shares. New EPS equals the new net income divided by the new shares outstanding. The new Long-term debt increase from $3,444 million to $5,444 million and therefore, the new book value of equity is $ 9,602 Million minus $2 billion. Based on these computations, MCIs new book value is $7,602 million. Equity holders will receive a higher expected rate of return after the re-capitalization, but will bear a higher level of risk per dollar invested, for which the higher expected rate of return precisely compensates them. By increasing debt, decreasing equity for $2 billion, MCIs EPS decreased 1 cents per share from $0. 83 per share to $ 0. 82 per share. However, the Price per share increased to $ 32. 31, PE ratio, and ROE are increased as well. (chart) The second question asks us to compute MCIs current WACC and what would it become after the new debt and repurchase. The first thing we need to do is determine MCIs existing WACC. The following formula is used: (formula) Given the following, provided in the case study, one is left to derive VL and rS: (chart) The CAPM provides the following means to derive rS: (chart) Based on these computations, MCIs new book value is $7,602 million. Equity holders will receive a higher expected rate of return after the re-capitalization, but will bear a higher level of risk per dollar invested, for which the higher expected rate of return precisely compensates them. To select the best option for MCI, we first need a clear separation between MCIs equity and debt. MCI is a leveraged firm and taxation influences the value of this firm. The last question asks whether we would recommend this new debt and repurchase of stock alternative to the MCI Board of Directors. Naturally, we will support our recommendation with data generated from the first two questions above. We recommend the board at MCI to issue the additional $2 billion in debt and to apply the capital to repurchase MCI stock based on MCIs current Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is 0. 362. We realize that by adding the additional $2 billion in debt, their WACC decreased to 0. 356. We realize that this is not a significant drop in the cost of capital; however, it is a decrease in cost. The next thing that we need to focus on is how the additional debt and repurchasing of stock effects the companies stock ratios. Since one of MCIs stated goals is to increase share holders value, we want to find out if the change in capital structure help the overall stock value? The answer can be found in question one. According to calculations, we determined that the PE Ratio increased from 33% to 40%. In addition, the price per share increased with this additional debt from $27. 75 to $32. 31. Lastly the ROE also increased from 5. 97% to 6. 55%. The only negative change determined was, the decrease in earning per share from $0. 83 to $0. 82. Again, we note the insignificant change with the earnings per share value; however we do keep in mind that the value did in fact decrease. Overall, the stock ratios that were evaluated with this additional debt improved. Based on the ratios given, we conclude that change in MCIs capital structure would add to the shareholder value. Lastly, we examined the effects of the tax shield that this debt would generate. With our current tax laws, there is a tax advantage for a company to be leveraged. Our tax structure allows a maximum tax rate in which at a certain point, the amount of debt generated does not grant additional tax shield. MCI has yet to hit their maximum tax rate and therefore, can still benefit from the tax advantages. The present value of the tax shield for MCI was calculated at $776 million while the interest expense on this new debt is $304 million. These numbers show that todays tax advantage dollars is more than double the cost of interest on this new debt. All of this data supports our recommendation to the board of directors that it would be beneficial for MCI to issue the 2 billion in debt in order to repurchase the company stock. The issuance of new debt and repurchasing of company owned stock looks to be the safest hedge against an insecure future/economy and stiffening competition from start ups and less debt-laden companies. The data, from the stock ratios down through the final WACC computations tend to quantifiably support our recommendations for the MCI Board. Couple this with the tax shelter benefits that are still currently below their cap, this growing telecommunications force should weather the late 90s storm and produce better than average dividends and earning estimates to maintain its stock prices and therefore its foothold in this lucrative and burgeoning field.

SUV Instability Essay Example For Students

SUV Instability Essay The Instability of Sport Utility VehiclesAs the ambulance slowly pulls away from the accident, a police officer stops to ponder how different this crash was from all the others in which a Sport Utility Vehicle was involved. He realizes it is no different at all. SUVs are the leaders in rollover crashes in the United States which includes all vehicles of make and model. They have been around for an extremely long time but, so have their problems. However, there were no problems actually documented due to the incredible instability of the cars during the first time period in which SUVs were created. Although extremely popular and useful, Sport Utility Vehicles are extremely dangerous and highly susceptible to roll over in sharp turns and high speeds. Reasons for such crashes include things like high ranking executives ignoring engineers warnings about the potential hazard of the vehicles, and high speeds mixing with sharp turns. Also, over- and/or under- inflated tires on a top-heavy, high-centered vehicle. Sport Utility Vehicles are extremely popular. A few reasons are for their all-terrain capabilities, the feeling of safety people have while their driving them, and their seating capacity. However, it is also for these reasons they are unstable. The false feeling of safety leads people to be careless while driving them, and/or leads people to feel in charge of the road thereby creating a higher chance of an accident or rollover. We will write a custom essay on SUV Instability specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The history of the Sport Utility Vehicle and its unique problems with rolling over in high speed fast reaction situations starts almost at the beginning of the car. According to John D. Pietro, the Suburban was introduced way back in 1936, the Chevrolet (and GMC) Suburban was based on a commercial panel truck, but instead of having a huge, windowless cargo area there was a large passenger compartment (The History). The early makers of General Motor Company, (GMC), saw potential in building a vehicle which could carry more people and still be useful in big jobs such as construction. GMC was the first company to build an SUV. The title of the first SUV and/or high capacity vehicle maker, however, is still up for debate. Such a part in the debate is in 1934, the name was shortened to Westchester Suburban and Dodge was selling them to the army (The History). Such statements started the debate on who had the first SUV. Dodge claimed their wagons to be the Westchester Suburban whereas, GMC and Chevrolet claimed the title Suburban. In 1956:Power was on the rise again as much as 205 horsepower was produced by Chevrolets small-block V8. GMC followed suit with its six-cylinder engine (now at 270 cubic inch) putting out 130 horsepower as well as its V8 (now at 317 cubic inch) pumping out 180 ponies. The big news this year was the introduction of four-wheel drive for the GMC, and it could be had with either the six- or the eight-cylinder engine. (The History)The Suburban was the original reason for SUV rollovers that are now known. It was the first to have 4-wheel drive capability and there for, made it easier to roll than two-wheel drive trucks. However dangerous, they are still popular mainly because of their versatility and look. Also, they are very helpful for mothers or fathers to use for taking their kids to something like soccer games and football games and being able to carry more than just their child or children and instead fitting something like 5-6 kids in thei r vehicles. According to SUVRollovers.com,:SUV popularity created a large increase in sales in the 1990s, and because there was so much consumer demand for these cars, carmakers continued to manufacture SUVs. Because the vehicle has changed from simply being an off-road vehicle to a family car, manufacturers have also removed the roll bar that protects drivers and passengers in a rollover situation. (SUVrollovernews.com)This is the main reason for their continually growing popularity. Although SUVs are somewhat hard on gas mileage and are not the most economic cars on the road, people enjoy them because they can take bumps in the road and hold a higher number of people. Thereby, creating a useful tool for commuting, whether it be on a farm or to a metropolis. But, there are many dangers in both driving and owning an SUV. One instance of a danger occurred when all Ford Bronco IIs were found to be dangerously unstable and Ford executives had ignored warnings from their own engineers (Lisante). The Bronco II posed a danger to the driver of the vehicle and to the other drivers on the road. The executives at Ford decided to not listen to their own engineers and proceeded with production. The Bronco II was not the only vehicle Ford had problems with. During testing of the Explorer a recent federal scorecard that gives a fully-loaded Explorer the worst rollover rating one star out of a possible five (Lisante). Again Ford executives proceeded with manufacturing a dangerous and unstable vehicle. They put safety aside in order to make money. These SUVs although still manufactured, are exceptionally unstable and dangerous to have on the road. Ford was one of the first companies to have trouble between engineers and designers and executives who were just in it to make a quick buck on the average typical soccer mom. Ignorant people are not the only causes of crashes and rollovers involving Sport Utility Vehicles. According to writer James R. Healey of the USA Today newspaper, in a multiple-vehicle crash, you get hit by another car and might roll over. Thats not an unstable vehicle (Healey). Rollovers are not just caused by unstable vehicles. There is always the chance of outstanding circumstances in any collision. On the other hand, James Grimaldi and Cindy Skrzycki of the Sun Times report, Firestone, primarily concerned about stresses placed on under inflated tires, has set 30 psi (pounds per square inch) as optimal. Fords 26 psi reflects its concern about stability (Grimaldi and Skrzycki). Conflicting reports can easily confuse an owner into an unavoidable accident. Some facts are not all they are shown to be. Consumer Reports magazine in a test of SUVs found, (we) tested seven SUVs on the same day, May 16. During those tests the only vehicle to tip up was the 2001 Mitsubishi Montero Limited. A well known and respected testing facility found an SUV to be unsafe. Although the odds of one in seven are pretty good, thats still too many. Upon an investigation of the Ford Company internal documents indicate Ford wanted a wider 245-centimeter tire on the Explorer for styling and marketing reasons, since bigger tires are regarded as more macho. But at a May 1989 test at Fords Arizona Proving Grounds, an Explorer equipped with the wider tires lifted two wheels off the ground in a sharp turn (Lisante). Ford again ignored blatant results that were presented to them in black and white. They manufactured the Explorers anyway. There is never only one reason for accidents and rollovers involving SUVs. .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .postImageUrl , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:hover , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:visited , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:active { border:0!important; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:active , .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625 .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea67b6247dd1a4e0600ca050e0f7d625:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriot act Essay ThesisThe chances of a rollover are greatly increased while driving an SUV. Approximately, 2,000 people would still be alive, if their vehicle had been hit by a heavy car instead of an SUV (SUVs: Escalating Risk). Due to SUVs, the driver fatality rate in multiple vehicle collisions has greatly increased. If people know of these staggering statistics, the fatality/collision rating can go down. It is then possible for more people to have the knowledge not to trust in these rolling boxes of death. In addition to SUV accidents, light trucks crashing into cars accounts for the majority of fatalities in vehicle-to-vehicle collisions (SUVs: Escalating Risk). SUV s, although not the leading cause, do cause a number of accidental fatalities. There is another reason for the high death toll of crashes. According to the National Highway Safety Administration, the government agency studying the safety of Sport Utility Vehicles, describes two characteristics of SUVs and other light trucks that have the potential to increase fatalities: rollover propensity and crash compatibility (SUVs: Escalating Risk). There are two major concerns to the government involving the frequency of rollovers and general crashes of SUVs. The government has become worried enough to devote an entire agency to study SUVs and light trucks. Dr. R. David Pittle, the Senior vice President of Consumer Reports reported the other vehicles that are most popular, and had fatal rollover scores roughly similar to Explorers: Subaru Legacy and outback station wagon, Oldsmobile Achieva, Chevrolet Cavalier, Pontiac Grand Am, Dodge and Plymouth Neon, Chrysler LHS and Ford Crown Victoria, ( Pittle). Not only SUVs have a high rollover rating. The Ford Explorer is not the only SUV with a high rollover score, the Subaru Outback and Legacy had the same ratings. James Grimaldi and Cindy Skrzycki of the Sun Times explain, sport-utility vehicles are more prone than cars to tip over because of their high center of gravity. The reason for rollovers is actually quite easy to understand. The rollover rating has the potential to be much higher than it already is. They also report, the Ford Explorer with fully inflated tires could roll over when making sudden turns The possibility of a rollover is always there even with a standard direction like inflating your tires. Proper driving techniques such as leaving space or planning a trip can lead to safe driving and lower rollover percents. They go on to say Explorer would fail the tests when equipped with tires inflated to the maximum 35 pounds per square inch (Grimaldi and Skrazycki). The maximum amount is not always the best thing. T he Explorer had many problems with their design. Consumer Reports also explains taller vehicles such as SUVs have a higher center of gravity, which makes them more top-heavy and more susceptible to rolling over than lower vehicles such as sedans (Pittle). Again, there is a simple and singular explanation for the high rates and percentages of SUV rollovers. Thanks to people not knowing a simple equation, height plus width equals stabilization, SUVs greatly increase the risk of rollover. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Solomon) rollovers occur in 8% of all crashes and cause more than 50% of all ejections (Solomon). SUV rollovers dont always have the driver physically in the car at the time of the crash. They also account for a half of the entire driver ejection statistic. The CDC also found ejections are also more likely to occur in Sport Utility Vehicles (Solomon). Yet another government agency found SUVs to be a cause of high injury risk. Not only do SUVs tip easily, they also have a higher potential than most cars to eject the driver of the vehicle out in a crash type situation. In tests, Sport Utility Vehicles lifted two wheels off the ground fairly often, this resulting in rollovers on the road and numerous amounts of money spent on settlements and cases. According to Consumer Reports the Trooper at 39.4 mph, lifted its two right wheels slightly at the same section of the track where the red Montero had tipped (Pittle). More than one SUV tipped at the same point of track. Consumer Reports did a lot of testing and more than enough research to back up their findings. They went on to say a short-course double-lane change emergency-avoidance maneuver the Montero Limited, in 8 out of 9 runs at or faster than 36.7 mph, tipped up on two wheels during a sharp right turn (Pittle) Consumer Reports, again, went above and beyond the regular tests in order to test safety. They were not at all biased in their reports on any vehicles, despite what some companies may have reported in their lawsuits against them. Tab Turner, attorney to Don Bailey; a woman permanently hurt due to a rollover accident, settled a total of 11 cases of rollovers for a total of $11.5 million in six weeks (Lisante). There are a large number of people suing for cases of rollovers against big companies. Most people win because of mistakes on the dealers fault. Also according to this document, as of 1995, Ford had settled at least 334 Bronco II rollover cases, paying out more than $113 million (Lisante). A lot of SUV owners are going for a lawsuit against the maker of their SUV. Some people care enough about themselves to try and go after the big fish. Such SUV tests can help save lives and money by focusing more on the rollover capability factor. These rollovers and crashes dont come without their own statistics and opinions from driver to auto-maker and from auto-maker to drivers. Such a statistic of complaints to auto-makers is 80% of car and SUV owners strongly suggest that automakers should make safety changes to SUVs that would make the roads safer for car occupants (SUV s: Escalating Risk). The owners and drivers of SUVs want changes. But, in addition to them, the owners and drivers of just cars want changes to SUVs too. In 1996 rollover crashes accounted for 53% of all SUV occupant deaths in single vehicle crashes (SUVs: Escalating Risk). SUVs, even back then, were incredibly unstable. Since then, more teenagers have modified and built up their SUVs and made the center of gravity higher in turn making SUVs easier to roll over. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration says SUVs rollover in 37% of fatal crashes, compared to 15% rollover rate for passenger cars (SUVs: Escalating Risk). SUVs, while holding more people than most passenger cars, also have a higher chance of killing everyone in the vehicle. Your chance of dying in a rollover is increased at least 22% when you decide to own or drive an SUV. They also say Sport Utility Vehicles are more than three times more likely to rollover in a crash than normal passenger cars (SUVs: Escalati ng Risk). You have a 300% chance of rolling over when you drive an SUV as opposed to a passenger car. Yet another statistic showing the instability of SUVs. The Ford company wasnt the only ones to have deaths with their SUVs, the Subaru Legacy and Outback, for instance, had a low single-vehicle driver death rate18but all involved rollovers, so the instability score was 100% (Healey). There wasnt just one company and or type of vehicle who had problems with instability and driver death rates. The Subaru car company, although very successful in selling their cars and wagons, also had a issues with their vehicles which they describe as well made. The IIHS says the most-popular version of Explorer (59.3% of Explorers in the IIHS analysis) had a driver death rate of 56 and an instability score of 70.3% (Healey). More than just the National Highway Traffic Safety Administrator has found Explorers are a danger to have on the road. Explorers and other Sport Utility Vehicles are probably not worth the risk of having on the road. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration also states we are investigating 62 deaths and more than 100 injuries linked to the separation of tread from tires on the Explorers (Grimaldi and Skrzycki). The Explorer was not the only thing responsible for the rollovers but had a large impact in it. There was no real way to know the tires had the chance of separation but still separated. After many tests made by completely different groups of people and different researching companies, the result was the same. SUVs were extremely unstable. As time goes on, the safety of SUVs becomes more and more tolerable. In a recent study done by the American Automobile Association (Van Sickle), the new 2002 Ford Explorer received an average of 4.5 stars in crash tests (Van Sickle). The potential for rollovers has been greatly reduced in recent years. The harm to the drivers and passengers has also been decreased as the vehicles have progressed. AAA also issued the Nissan Pathfinder, Frontier 44, and RWD models three stars in their Rollover Resistance Ratings. These Nissan models have a 20 to 30% chance of rolling over in a crash or in sharp turns at high speeds. The rollover rating, in addition to crash tests, has gone down in frequency of accidents in recent years. This is partially due to higher standards set by the National Highway Traffic Safety Association, who controls which cars are allowed on the road and which are not. Although these advances in the safety of these large bulky vehicles have been made, there is still a false sense of security because of the size of the vehicle. People are trusting too much in their trucks and not being cautious enough while driving one of these. Even with the recent breakthroughs in security, Sport Utility Vehicles are the leaders in rollover crashes in the United States including large passenger vehicles such as vans, and small economic cars such as a Geo Metro or a Toyota Corolla. Althoug h extremely popular and useful, Sport Utility Vehicles are extremely dangerous and highly susceptible to rollover in sharp turns and high speeds. They can lead to large death tolls, rollover settlements and insurance costs. Reasons for such crashes include things like, high ranking executives ignoring engineers warnings about the potential hazard of the vehicles, and high speeds mixing with sharp turns. Also, over and or under inflated tires on a top heavy, high centered vehicle. All these combined with the everyday hazards of normal driving in traffic or high stress situations create a large potential for fatalistic and harm causing incidents. Work Cited: Dipietrom, John. A Chevrolet/GMC/Suburban History. 6 Dec. 2001. 17 Oct. 2002 Grimaldi, James V., and Cindy Skrzycki. SUV instability led to Ford advising low tire pressure. ChicagoSuntimes.com. 21 Aug. 2000. 25 Sept., 2002 Healey, James R.. Crash study ranks deadly vehicles USA Today 23 Oct. 2000: 34The History Of The Suburban, 2 June 2000. 17 Oct. 2002 Lisante, Joan E. Explorer Goes on Trial. ConsumerAffairs.com. 8 Jan. 2001. 25 Sept., 2002. Pittle, R. David. Consumer Reports Responds to Mitsubishi Statements Regarding Its Tests of the 2001 Mitsubishi Montero Limited. Consumersunion.com.21 June 2001.25 Sept. 2002 Solomon, David. Nutz and Boltz Automotive Survival Guide. Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1997SUVrollovernews.com. 17 Oct., 2002SUVs: Escalating Risks On The Highways, SUVSafety.org. 25 Sept., 2002. Van Sickle, Dave. 2002 New Cars and Trucks. Heathrow, Florida: AAA Publishing, 2002.